279 4. 2. basic formulation 280 4. 3. variations on the theme 285 4. 4. c. s. parameters 286 5. conclusions 289 references 290 chapter 12 finite element methods for fills and embankment dams d. j. naylor 1. introduction 291 2. number of layers - actual and analytical 292 3. deformation in a rising fill 292 4. basic finite element procedure 292 5. interpretation of finite element dis placements - 1d case 294 6. new layer stiffness reduction 296 7. modelling compaction 300 8. finite element effective stress techniques 302 8. 1. undrained effective stress analysis 302 8. 2. known pore pressure change analysis 305 9. first filling and operation - general 306 10. loading due to impounding 308 10. 1. upstream membrane dam 308 10. 2. internal membrane dam 308 10. 3. zoned embankment dams 312 11. analysis of first filling and operation 312 11. 1. first filling 312 11. 2. steady seepage condition 314 11. 3. finite element considerations 314 12. collapse settlement 314 xili 12. 1. nobari and duncan's method 317 12. 2. generalisation of nobari and duncan's method 319 12. 3. one-dimensional example 320 323 13. applications 13. 1. carsington dam 323 13. 2. beliche dam 325 13. 3. monasavu dam 330 references 335 appendix: derivation of equivalent layer stiffness 332 chapter 13 concrete face rockfill dams nelson l. de s. pinto 1. introduction 341 2. current design practice 343 2. 1. evolution 343 2. 2. embankment 344 2. 2. 1.