1. 5 references 127 7 digital terrain 129 1. 1 introduction 129 1. 2 drainage network 130 1. 3 definition of channel networks 135 1. 4 resolution dependent effects 138 1. 5 constraining drainage direction 141 1. 6 summary 145 1. 7 references 146 8 precipitation measurement 149 1. 1 introduction 149 1. 2 rain gauge estimation of rainfall 151 adar stimation of recipitation 1. 3 r e p 155 1. 4 wsr-88d radar characteristics 167 1. 5 input for hydrologic modeling 172 1. 6 summary 174 1. 7 references 175 9 finite element modeling 177 1. 1 introduction 177 1. 2 mathematical formulation 182 1. 3 summary 194 1. 4 references 195 10 distributed model calibration 197 1. 1 introduction 197 1. 2 calibration approach 199 1. 3 distributed model calibration 201 1. 4 automatic calibration 208 1. 5 summary 214 1. 6 references 214 11 distributed hydrologic modeling 217 1. 1 introduction 218 1. 2 case studies 218 1. 3 summary 236 1. 4 references 237 12 hydrologic analysis and prediction 239 1. 1 introduction 239 x distributed hydrologic modeling using gis 1. 2 vflotm editions 241 1. 3 vflotm features and modules 242 1. 4 model feature summary 245 1. 5 vflotm real-time 256 1. 6 data requirements 258 1. 7 relationship to other models 259 1. 8 summary 260 1.